๐๐ฎ๐ฒ-๐—๐š๐ง๐š๐ฑ-๐Ÿ๐ฆ๐ -๐Ž๐ง๐ฅ๐ข๐ง-2

๐๐ฎ๐ฒ ๐—๐š๐ง๐š๐ฑ ๐Ž๐ง๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐–๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ ๐๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง แดœ๊œฑแด€ ๊œฑสœษชแด˜แด˜ษชษดษข แดœ๊œฑ-แดœ๊œฑ แด…แด‡สŸษชแด แด‡ส€ส

โžคโžคโžคโžคโžค๐๐ฎ๐ฒ ๐—๐š๐ง๐š๐ฑ ๐Ž๐ง๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ž

โžคโžคโžคโžคโžคhttps://shorturl.at/cdn16

1. ๊œฐแด€๊œฑแด› แด…แด‡สŸษชแด แด‡ส€ส แดœ๊œฑแด€ แด›แด แดœ๊œฑแด€

2. ๊œฐส€แด‡แด‡ แด…แด‡สŸษชแด แด‡ส€ส แดกษชแด›สœษชษด 24 สœแดแดœส€๊œฑ

3. ๊œฑแด€๊œฐแด‡ แด€ษดแด… ๊œฑแด‡แด„แดœส€แด‡ แด˜แด€สแดแด‡ษดแด›

4. 100% แดแดษดแด‡ส ส™แด€แด„แด‹ ษขแดœแด€ส€แด€ษดแด›แด‡แด‡แด…

5. 24/7 แด„แดœ๊œฑแด›แดแดแด‡ส€ แด„แด€ส€แด‡ ๊œฑแดœแด˜แด˜แดส€แด›

6. แด›ส€แด€แด„แด‹แด‡แด… ๊œฑสœษชแด˜แด˜ษชษดษข แด›สœส€แดแดœษขสœ แดœ๊œฑแด˜๊œฑ

7. ษดแด แด„แด€ษดแด„แด‡สŸสŸแด€แด›ษชแดษด แด„สœแด€ส€ษขแด‡๊œฑ

8. แด…ษช๊œฑแด„แดแดœษดแด›๊œฑ: ษขแด‡แด› แดœแด˜ แด›แด 20% แด๊œฐ๊œฐ แดœ๊œฑแด‡ แด„แดแดœแด˜แดษด ๊œฑแด€แด แด‡20

9. ๊œฑสœษชแด˜แด˜ษชษดษข ส€แด€แด›แด‡๊œฑ โ€“ ๊œฐส€แด‡แด‡. แด˜แด€สแดแด‡ษดแด› แดแด‡แด›สœแดแด…: แด˜แด€สแด˜แด€สŸ, แด ษช๊œฑแด€, แดแด€๊œฑแด›แด‡ส€แด„แด€ส€แด…, แด แด‡ษดแดแด, แด„แด€๊œฑสœแด€แด˜แด˜, แดขแด‡สŸสŸแด‡.

โžคโžคโžคโžคโžค๐๐ฎ๐ฒ ๐—๐š๐ง๐š๐ฑ ๐Ž๐ง๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ž

โžคโžคโžคโžคโžคhttps://shorturl.at/cdn16

๐—๐š๐ง๐š๐ฑ, ๐š๐ฅ๐ฌ๐จ ๐ค๐ง๐จ๐ฐ๐ง ๐›๐ฒ ๐ข๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ ๐ž๐ง๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐œ ๐ง๐š๐ฆ๐ž ๐š๐ฅ๐ฉ๐ซ๐š๐ณ๐จ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ, ๐ข๐ฌ ๐š ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ฆ๐ž๐๐ข๐œ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐จ๐ง๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ซ๐ž๐š๐ญ ๐š๐ง๐ฑ๐ข๐ž๐ญ๐ฒ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐œ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ. ๐ˆ๐ญ ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐จ๐ง๐ ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐š ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐๐ซ๐ฎ๐ ๐ฌ ๐œ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐›๐ž๐ง๐ณ๐จ๐๐ข๐š๐ณ๐ž๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ, ๐ฐ๐ก๐ข๐œ๐ก ๐š๐œ๐ญ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐œ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ฅ ๐ง๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ž ๐š ๐œ๐š๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ž๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐œ๐ญ. ๐—๐š๐ง๐š๐ฑ ๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ค๐ฌ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ž๐ง๐ก๐š๐ง๐œ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ž๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐š ๐ง๐ž๐ฎ๐ซ๐จ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ ๐œ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐ ๐š๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š-๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐จ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ๐ฒ๐ซ๐ข๐œ ๐š๐œ๐ข๐ (๐†๐€๐๐€), ๐ฐ๐ก๐ข๐œ๐ก ๐ก๐ž๐ฅ๐ฉ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ซ๐ž๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ž ๐š๐›๐ง๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐š๐ฅ ๐›๐ซ๐š๐ข๐ง ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ๐จ๐ญ๐ž ๐ซ๐ž๐ฅ๐š๐ฑ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง.

๐Ž๐ง๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ค๐ž๐ฒ ๐›๐ž๐ง๐ž๐Ÿ๐ข๐ญ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐—๐š๐ง๐š๐ฑ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ข๐ญ๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ฌ๐ญ-๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ง๐š๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž, ๐ฆ๐š๐ค๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ข๐ญ ๐ž๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐š๐ ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐š๐œ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ž ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐š๐ง๐ฑ๐ข๐ž๐ญ๐ฒ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐œ ๐š๐ญ๐ญ๐š๐œ๐ค๐ฌ. ๐ˆ๐ญ ๐œ๐š๐ง ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ž ๐ช๐ฎ๐ข๐œ๐ค ๐ซ๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐Ÿ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ž๐ฑ๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ซ๐ฒ, ๐ญ๐ž๐ง๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐Ÿ๐ž๐š๐ซ, ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ข๐ง๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ข๐ง ๐š ๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ฌ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐จ๐ฅ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐œ๐š๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ. ๐‡๐จ๐ฐ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ, ๐ข๐ญโ€™๐ฌ ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฉ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐ญ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž ๐—๐š๐ง๐š๐ฑ ๐ž๐ฑ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐š๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐›๐ž๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐š ๐ก๐ž๐š๐ฅ๐ญ๐ก๐œ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ž๐ซ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐๐ž๐ฉ๐ž๐ง๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž, ๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐จ๐ญ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ž ๐ž๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ.

๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐จ๐ง ๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ž ๐ž๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐—๐š๐ง๐š๐ฑ ๐ฆ๐š๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง๐œ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฐ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ, ๐๐ข๐ณ๐ณ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ, ๐ก๐ž๐š๐๐š๐œ๐ก๐ž, ๐›๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐œ๐ก๐š๐ง๐ ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง ๐š๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ž๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ž. ๐‹๐จ๐ง๐ -๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ฆ ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž ๐จ๐ซ ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐—๐š๐ง๐š๐ฑ ๐œ๐š๐ง ๐ฅ๐ž๐š๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐๐ž๐ฉ๐ž๐ง๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž, ๐š๐๐๐ข๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐๐ซ๐š๐ฐ๐š๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐ข๐Ÿ ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐๐๐ž๐ง๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ž๐. ๐“๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ž, ๐ข๐ญโ€™๐ฌ ๐œ๐ซ๐ฎ๐œ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐ข๐ง๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐š๐ค๐ข๐ง๐  ๐—๐š๐ง๐š๐ฑ ๐ญ๐จ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ข๐ซ ๐๐จ๐œ๐ญ๐จ๐ซโ€™๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐œ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐š๐ฏ๐จ๐ข๐ ๐š๐ฅ๐œ๐จ๐ก๐จ๐ฅ ๐จ๐ซ ๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐›๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐œ๐š๐ง ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฆ๐ž๐๐ข๐œ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง.

abcd

๐—•๐˜‚๐˜† ๐—ง๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฎ๐—ฑ๐—ผ๐—น ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿฌ๐Ÿฌ๐—บ๐—ด ๐—ผ๐—ป๐—น๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ฒ ๐–๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ ๐๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง แดœ๊œฑแด€ ๊œฑสœษชแด˜แด˜ษชษดษข แดœ๊œฑ-แดœ๊œฑ แด…แด‡สŸษชแด แด‡ส€ส

โžคโžคโžคโžคโžค๐—•๐˜‚๐˜† ๐—ง๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฎ๐—ฑ๐—ผ๐—น ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿฌ๐Ÿฌ๐—บ๐—ด ๐—ผ๐—ป๐—น๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ฒ

โžคโžคโžคโžคโžคhttps://shorturl.at/fnDVZ

1. ๊œฐแด€๊œฑแด› แด…แด‡สŸษชแด แด‡ส€ส แดœ๊œฑแด€ แด›แด แดœ๊œฑแด€

2. ๊œฐส€แด‡แด‡ แด…แด‡สŸษชแด แด‡ส€ส แดกษชแด›สœษชษด 24 สœแดแดœส€๊œฑ

3. ๊œฑแด€๊œฐแด‡ แด€ษดแด… ๊œฑแด‡แด„แดœส€แด‡ แด˜แด€สแดแด‡ษดแด›

4. 100% แดแดษดแด‡ส ส™แด€แด„แด‹ ษขแดœแด€ส€แด€ษดแด›แด‡แด‡แด…

5. 24/7 แด„แดœ๊œฑแด›แดแดแด‡ส€ แด„แด€ส€แด‡ ๊œฑแดœแด˜แด˜แดส€แด›

6. แด›ส€แด€แด„แด‹แด‡แด… ๊œฑสœษชแด˜แด˜ษชษดษข แด›สœส€แดแดœษขสœ แดœ๊œฑแด˜๊œฑ

7. ษดแด แด„แด€ษดแด„แด‡สŸสŸแด€แด›ษชแดษด แด„สœแด€ส€ษขแด‡๊œฑ

8. แด…ษช๊œฑแด„แดแดœษดแด›๊œฑ: ษขแด‡แด› แดœแด˜ แด›แด 20% แด๊œฐ๊œฐ แดœ๊œฑแด‡ แด„แดแดœแด˜แดษด ๊œฑแด€แด แด‡20

9. ๊œฑสœษชแด˜แด˜ษชษดษข ส€แด€แด›แด‡๊œฑ โ€“ ๊œฐส€แด‡แด‡. แด˜แด€สแดแด‡ษดแด› แดแด‡แด›สœแดแด…: แด˜แด€สแด˜แด€สŸ, แด ษช๊œฑแด€, แดแด€๊œฑแด›แด‡ส€แด„แด€ส€แด…, แด แด‡ษดแดแด, แด„แด€๊œฑสœแด€แด˜แด˜, แดขแด‡สŸสŸแด‡.

โžคโžคโžคโžคโžค๐—•๐˜‚๐˜† ๐—ง๐—ฟ๐—ฎ๐—บ๐—ฎ๐—ฑ๐—ผ๐—น ๐Ÿญ๐Ÿฌ๐Ÿฌ๐—บ๐—ด ๐—ผ๐—ป๐—น๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ฒ

โžคโžคโžคโžคโžคhttps://shorturl.at/fnDVZ

๐˜๐˜ฏ๐˜ต๐˜ณ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฅ๐˜ถ๐˜ค๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ ๐˜ต๐˜ฐ ๐˜›๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ฎ๐˜ข๐˜ฅ๐˜ฐ๐˜ญ ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ด ๐˜ถ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ๐˜ด

๐˜›๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ฎ๐˜ข๐˜ฅ๐˜ฐ๐˜ญ ๐˜ช๐˜ด ๐˜ข๐˜ท๐˜ข๐˜ช๐˜ญ๐˜ข๐˜ฃ๐˜ญ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฃ๐˜ฐ๐˜ต๐˜ฉ ๐˜ข๐˜ด ๐˜ข ๐˜ฑ๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด๐˜ค๐˜ณ๐˜ช๐˜ฑ๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ ๐˜ฐ๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ-๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ-๐˜ค๐˜ฐ๐˜ถ๐˜ฏ๐˜ต๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ค๐˜ข๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ ๐˜ท๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ช๐˜ฐ๐˜ถ๐˜ด ๐˜ง๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ฎ๐˜ถ๐˜ญ๐˜ข๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ด, ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ค๐˜ญ๐˜ถ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ ๐˜ต๐˜ข๐˜ฃ๐˜ญ๐˜ฆ๐˜ต๐˜ด, ๐˜ค๐˜ข๐˜ฑ๐˜ด๐˜ถ๐˜ญ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด, ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ฆ๐˜น๐˜ต๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฅ-๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ญ๐˜ฆ๐˜ข๐˜ด๐˜ฆ ๐˜ง๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ฎ๐˜ถ๐˜ญ๐˜ข๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ด. ๐˜๐˜ต ๐˜ช๐˜ด ๐˜ค๐˜ฐ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ญ๐˜บ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด๐˜ค๐˜ณ๐˜ช๐˜ฃ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ฃ๐˜บ ๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ๐˜ข๐˜ญ๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ค๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ณ๐˜ฐ๐˜ท๐˜ช๐˜ฅ๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ด ๐˜ฅ๐˜ถ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ต๐˜ฐ ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ด ๐˜ฆ๐˜ง๐˜ง๐˜ฆ๐˜ค๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด๐˜ด ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ ๐˜ฎ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ข๐˜จ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ข๐˜ช๐˜ฏ.

๐˜๐˜ฎ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ต๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ค๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฐ๐˜ง ๐˜‰๐˜ถ๐˜บ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ ๐˜›๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ฎ๐˜ข๐˜ฅ๐˜ฐ๐˜ญ ๐˜–๐˜ฏ๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ

๐˜๐˜ฏ ๐˜ต๐˜ฐ๐˜ฅ๐˜ข๐˜บ’๐˜ด ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜จ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ข๐˜ญ ๐˜ข๐˜จ๐˜ฆ, ๐˜ฑ๐˜ถ๐˜ณ๐˜ค๐˜ฉ๐˜ข๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ค๐˜ข๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ด ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฉ๐˜ข๐˜ด ๐˜ฃ๐˜ฆ๐˜ค๐˜ฐ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ค๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ข๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ๐˜ญ๐˜บ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฑ๐˜ถ๐˜ญ๐˜ข๐˜ณ ๐˜ฅ๐˜ถ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ต๐˜ฐ ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ด ๐˜ค๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ช๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ค๐˜ฆ ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ข๐˜ค๐˜ค๐˜ฆ๐˜ด๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜ฃ๐˜ช๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜บ. ๐˜‰๐˜ถ๐˜บ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ ๐˜›๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ฎ๐˜ข๐˜ฅ๐˜ฐ๐˜ญ ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฐ๐˜ง๐˜ง๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ด ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ญ ๐˜ข๐˜ฅ๐˜ท๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ต๐˜ข๐˜จ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด, ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ค๐˜ญ๐˜ถ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ:

๐˜Š๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ช๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ค๐˜ฆ ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ˆ๐˜ค๐˜ค๐˜ฆ๐˜ด๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜ฃ๐˜ช๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜บ

๐˜–๐˜ฏ๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฉ๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ฎ๐˜ข๐˜ค๐˜ช๐˜ฆ๐˜ด ๐˜ฑ๐˜ณ๐˜ฐ๐˜ท๐˜ช๐˜ฅ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ข ๐˜ค๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ท๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ช๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ต ๐˜ฑ๐˜ญ๐˜ข๐˜ต๐˜ง๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ฎ ๐˜ง๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ท๐˜ช๐˜ฅ๐˜ถ๐˜ข๐˜ญ๐˜ด ๐˜ต๐˜ฐ ๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ฅ๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ ๐˜›๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ฎ๐˜ข๐˜ฅ๐˜ฐ๐˜ญ ๐˜ง๐˜ณ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฎ ๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ค๐˜ฐ๐˜ฎ๐˜ง๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ต ๐˜ฐ๐˜ง ๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ๐˜ช๐˜ณ ๐˜ฉ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฆ๐˜ด, ๐˜ฆ๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ฎ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ข๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ ๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ต๐˜ฐ ๐˜ท๐˜ช๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜ต ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฉ๐˜บ๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜ค๐˜ข๐˜ญ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฉ๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ฎ๐˜ข๐˜ค๐˜ช๐˜ฆ๐˜ด.

๐˜—๐˜ณ๐˜ช๐˜ท๐˜ข๐˜ค๐˜บ ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ ๐˜Š๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ง๐˜ช๐˜ฅ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ข๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜บ

๐˜š๐˜ฐ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ท๐˜ช๐˜ฅ๐˜ถ๐˜ข๐˜ญ๐˜ด ๐˜ฎ๐˜ข๐˜บ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ง๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ ๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ณ๐˜ช๐˜ท๐˜ข๐˜ค๐˜บ ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ค๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ง๐˜ช๐˜ฅ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ข๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜บ ๐˜ฐ๐˜ง๐˜ง๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ฃ๐˜บ ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ญ๐˜ข๐˜ต๐˜ง๐˜ฐ๐˜ณ๐˜ฎ๐˜ด ๐˜ธ๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ถ๐˜ณ๐˜ค๐˜ฉ๐˜ข๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ด๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ท๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ค๐˜ข๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ด ๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ฌ๐˜ฆ ๐˜›๐˜ณ๐˜ข๐˜ฎ๐˜ข๐˜ฅ๐˜ฐ๐˜ญ.

๐˜Š๐˜ฐ๐˜ด๐˜ต ๐˜š๐˜ข๐˜ท๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ๐˜ด

๐˜–๐˜ฏ๐˜ญ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฉ๐˜ข๐˜ณ๐˜ฎ๐˜ข๐˜ค๐˜ช๐˜ฆ๐˜ด ๐˜ฐ๐˜ง๐˜ต๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ ๐˜ฐ๐˜ง๐˜ง๐˜ฆ๐˜ณ ๐˜ค๐˜ฐ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฑ๐˜ฆ๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ท๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฑ๐˜ณ๐˜ช๐˜ค๐˜ฆ๐˜ด ๐˜ข๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ด๐˜ค๐˜ฐ๐˜ถ๐˜ฏ๐˜ต๐˜ด, ๐˜ข๐˜ญ๐˜ญ๐˜ฐ๐˜ธ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜จ ๐˜ช๐˜ฏ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ท๐˜ช๐˜ฅ๐˜ถ๐˜ข๐˜ญ๐˜ด ๐˜ต๐˜ฐ ๐˜ด๐˜ข๐˜ท๐˜ฆ ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ๐˜ฆ๐˜บ ๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ ๐˜ต๐˜ฉ๐˜ฆ๐˜ช๐˜ณ ๐˜ฎ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฅ๐˜ช๐˜ค๐˜ข๐˜ต๐˜ช๐˜ฐ๐˜ฏ ๐˜ฆ๐˜น๐˜ฑ๐˜ฆ๐˜ฏ๐˜ด๐˜ฆ๐˜ด.

Endoscopic Transcanal Transpromontorial Removal of an Intracochlear Schwannoma and Traditional Cochlear Implantation

Vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas) develop due to mutations in Schwann cells that cause uncontrolled cell division. As a result, a tumor forms. As these tumors grow, they can compress the cochlear nerve causing unilateral hearing loss and tinnitus. Vestibular schwannomas may cause imbalance and occasionally vertigo. Intralabyrinthine schwannomas account for about 10% of vestibular schwannomas in centers that specialize in temporal bone imaging. Intracochlear schwannomas are the most common type of intralabyrinthine schwannomas. In this video, we describe an endoscopic transcanal transpromontorial approach to intracochlear schwannoma removal.

This surgery was performed by James Prueter, DO, of Southwest Ohio ENT Specialists in Dayton, OH.

Video editing was performed by Austin Miller, OMS-II, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine.

Suboccipital retrosigmoid approach for resection of cerebellopontine angle tumor

This is a demonstration of the retrosigmoid approach for microsurgical resection of a cerebellopontine angle tumor. Th patient presented with gait disturbance and normal hearing. A suboccipital craniotomy was used for access to the cerebellopontine angle. Using microsurgical technique, the tumor was dissected away from the glossopharyngeal nerve. Pathological analysis confirmed that the tumor was a schwannoma of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

DOI#ย http://dx.doi.org/10.17797//r3wbfb5hkv

Redo Posterior Fossa Decompression with Duraplasty for the Treatment of Chiari Type I Malformation

Chiari decompression is a common neurosurgical procedure.ย  Chiari malformations present with a number of symptoms including Valsalva-induced headaches, swallowing dysfunction, and sleep apnea.ย  Chiari malformations can also cause syringomyelia and syringobulbia.ย  Surgical procedures used for the treatment of Chiari malformation include bone-only decompression (posterior fossa craniectomy +/- cervical laminectomy), craniectomy/laminectomy with duraplasty, and craniectomy/laminectomy/duraplasty with shrinkage or resection of the cerebellar tonsils.ย  The procedure used depends on the specifics of the patientโ€™s condition and the preference of the surgeon.

The patient presented here had undergone a prior Chiari decompression at the age of 20 months.ย  This was bone-only with posterior fossa craniectomy and C1-2 laminectomy.ย  The dura was not opened due to the presence of a venous lake.ย  He initially had improvement in his symptoms.ย  However, his headaches and snoring recurred, balance worsened, and dysphagia never improved.ย  Therefore, a repeat Chiari decompression at the age of 28 months was performed as presented here.

Endoscopic endonasal approach for odontoidectomy

Contributors: M. Nathan Nair and Timothy Deklotz

For patients with basilar invagination, an odontoidectomy may be necessary to decompress the brainstem, before further correction and stabilization of the craniocervical junction can be achieved. The open-mouth odontoidectomy procedure is associated with significant moribdity, and the endoscopic endonasal approach may be a better option. In this video, we provide a step-by-step demonstration of the endoscpic endonasal approach for odontoidectomy.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.17797/6mx9qe789f

Anterior Petrosectomy and Resection of a Meckel’s Cave Schwannoma

Contributors: Daniel Felbaum and  H. Jeff Kim

The video demonstrates the resection of a trigeminal schwannoma via a middle fossa craniiotomy and anterior petrosectomy. A large dumbbell-shaped tumor was essentially two tumors in one. The anterior petrosectomy provided access mainly to the posterior component of the tumor, which was compressing the pons, and obscured by the tentorium and petrous ridge. Mobilization of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus freed the  anterior component and thus allowed the removal of the rest of the schwannoma.

DOI# http://dx.doi.org/10.17797/8hbvtjdj0l

Cranioplasty for Sagittal Craniosynostosis

Cranioplasty with barrel stave osteotomies to treat sagittal suture craniosynostosis.

Cholesterol Granuloma Petrous Apex Revision

Contributors: Ravi N. Samy, M.D., F.A.C.S (University of Cincinnati / CCHMC) and  Shawn Stevens, M.D.

Cholesterol granuloma recurrence at the petrous apex.   The patient had a prior surgery performed without stenting. Revision surgery at UC performed with double-barrel stent placement.

External Related Links: www.cisurgeon.org    www.youtube.com/user/cisurgeon

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17797/vvmrb6t77g

Editor Recruited By: Ravi N. Samy, MD, FACS

Middle Fossa Transventricular and Subtemporal Approach for Meningioma Resection

Contributors:ย ย  Micheala Lee

This is a demonstration of using the transventricular and subtemporal corridors for resecting a large middle fossa, tentorial meningioma. The video details the microsurgical technique for detaching the tumor from the tentorial incisura, working near critical structures such as the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and posterior communiating artery. It also includes precise demonstration of how to separate the massive tumor from the feeding arterial supply stemming from the posterior cerebral artery.

DOI:ย https://doi.org/10.17797/nbtj2jdx6l

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